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3 July 2025

  • 18:1418:14, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 11 (hist | edit) [28,224 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''CHAPTER XI - THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES''' ==113. The Separation of Isotopes== The importance, from purely practical and technical points of view, of the theory of isotopes would have been insignificant had its application been confined to the radioactive elements and their products, which are only present in infinitesimal quantities on the Earth. But now that the isotopic nature of many elements in everyday use has been demonstrated, the possibility of their sep...")
  • 18:0418:04, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 9 (hist | edit) [25,592 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''CHAPTER IX - ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC NUMBERS''' ==100. The relation between chemical atomic weight and atomic number== Inasmuch as it is now recognised to be in general merely a statistical mean value the importance of the chemical atomic weight has been greatly reduced by the discovery of isotopes. Its position as the natural numerical constant associated with an element has been taken by the atomic number, though from the point of view of chemical analysis the chemical...") originally created as "Aston1922/Chapter 9"
  • 17:5717:57, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 8 (hist | edit) [34,685 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''CHAPTER VIII - THE ELECTRICAL THEORY OF MATTER''' ==84. The Whole Number rule== By far the most important result of the measurements detailed in the foregoing chapters is that, with the exception of hydrogen, the weights of the atoms of all the elements measured, and therefore almost certainly of all elements, are whole numbers to the accuracy of experiment, in most cases about one part in a thousand. Of course, the error expressed in fractions of a unit increases wit...")
  • 17:5017:50, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 7 (hist | edit) [18,778 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''CHAPTER VII - ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS (Continued)''' ==72. Positive Rays of Metallic Elements== Positive rays of most of the metallic elements cannot be obtained by the ordinary discharge-tube method, since in general they have extremely low vapom'-pressures and are incapable of forming stable volatile compounds. Mercury is a notable exception to this rule, and its rays are exceedingly easy to produce. Positively charged rays which appeared to be atoms of the alkali...")
  • 17:4517:45, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 6 (hist | edit) [37,403 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==50. Arrangement of results== In this Chapter and the one following it are given the experimental results obtained from a large number of elements which have been subjected to analysis with a view to determining their constitution. This Chapter deals with those elements which, by reason of their volatiUty or properties of forming volatile compounds, can be treated by the ordinary discharge-tube method. The analysis given in all these cases is that obtained by means of t...")
  • 17:4017:40, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 5 (hist | edit) [43,853 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "===30. Limitations of the parabola method=== The parabola method of analysis of positive rays described in Chapter III, though almost ideal for a general survey of masses and velocities, has objections as a method of precision, many rays are lost by colUsion in the narrow canal-ray tube ; the mean pressure in which must be at least half that in the discharge-bulb ; very fine tubes silt up by disintegration un...")
  • 17:3917:39, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 4 (hist | edit) [19,522 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "===23. Positive Ray Analysis of Neon=== It is a curious and interesting point that while the first suggestion of the possi- bility of the occurrence of isotopes was obtained from the rarest of all substances on the earth's surface the radio= active elements and their products ; so the first result indicating the possibility of isotopes among the stable elements was yielded by neon, a gas of which, in a purifi...")
  • 17:3717:37, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Contents (hist | edit) [7,651 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==CONTENTS== CHAPTER I Introduction 1. Introduction ..... 2. Hypothesis of Dalton and Prout 3. Crookes' Meta-elements . 4. The discovery of Isotopes PAGE 1 2 4, 6 CHAPTER II The Radioactive Isotopes 5. Chemical identities among the radioactive elements 6. Spectroscopic identity of isotopes . 7. The chemical law of Radioactive change 8. Isobares ...... 9. The Radioactive Transformations . 10. The Atomic we...") originally created as "Aston 2022/Contents"
  • 17:2917:29, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 3 (hist | edit) [23,371 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==CHAPTER III - POSITIVE RAYS== ===14. Nature of Positive Rays=== Positive rays were dis- covered by Goldstein in 1886 in electrical discharge at low pressure. In some experiments with a perforated cathode he noticed streamers of Hght behind the perforations. This luminosity, he assumed, was due to rays of some sort which travelled in the opposite direction to the cathode rays and so passed through the apertures i...") originally created as "Aston 2022/Chapter 3"
  • 17:2417:24, 3 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 2 (hist | edit) [30,856 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ==CHAPTER II - THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES== ===5. Chemical identities among the radioactive elements=== Apart from the purely speculative considerations which have aheady been detailed, the theory of isotopes had its birth in the gigantic forward wave of human knowledge inaugurated by the discovery of radioactivity. It can admit- tedly be argued that, even if no radioactive elements existed, isotopes would inevitably...")

2 July 2025

  • 21:4721:47, 2 July 2025 Aston 1922/Chapter 1 (hist | edit) [13,013 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ==1. Introduction== Towards the end of the last century the attitude of science in relation to the atomic theory started= to undergo a complete and radical change. What had been before regarded as a convenient working hypothesis became with remarkable rapidity a definite statement of fact. This transformation is now complete and in any well- equipped laboratory to-day not only can individual atoms be detected but the movements of the swiftest of them can be tracked and...") originally created as "Aston 1922 Chapter 1"

30 June 2025

  • 16:3416:34, 30 June 2025 Aston 1922 (hist | edit) [2,687 bytes] Kkmurray (talk | contribs) (Created page with "=ISOTOPES= F. W. ASTON, M.A., D.Sc, A.I.C., F.R.S. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD & CO. 1922 [All rights reserved] Printed in Great Britain ==PREFACE== I HAVE undertaken the preparation of this book on Isotopes in response to many requests made to me by teachers of physics= and chemistry and others working in these subjects that I should publish the results obt...")

28 June 2025

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